Where every rate comes from

One country at a time: the lines the calculator produces, the formula behind each one, and the authority the figure was read from. Where a country levies nothing at registration the line says so and still carries its source. Nothing here is a secondary source — no blogs, no dealers, no aggregators.

Austria

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 20%	`20% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
NoVA (registration tax) 7%	`(CO₂ − 91) / 5 × price − 350 + malus`	BMF — NoVA-Steuersatz, Rechtslage ab 1. Juli 2025 (bmf.gv.at)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	bmf.gv.at

Belgium

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 21%	`21% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
BIV (registration tax)	`((CO₂ · f · q) / 246)⁶ · 4500 + c`	Vlaamse Codex Fiscaliteit, art. 2.3.4.1.2 — belasting op de inverkeerstelling
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	finances.belgium.be

Bulgaria

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 20%	`20% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`—`	Your Europe — Car taxes in another EU country (europa.eu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	customs.bg

Croatia

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 25%	`25% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
poseban porez (registration tax)	`porez kao za novo vozilo × preostala vrijednost`	Zakon o posebnom porezu na motorna vozila (zakon.hr)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	carina.gov.hr

Cyprus

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 19%	`19% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`—`	Your Europe — Car taxes in another EU country (europa.eu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	mof.gov.cy

Czechia

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 21%	`21% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
emisní poplatek (registration tax)	`0 CZK`	SFŽP ČR — emisní poplatek vozidel, zákon 542/2020 Sb. (sfzp.gov.cz)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	celnisprava.gov.cz

Denmark

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 25%	`25% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
registreringsafgift (registration tax)	`25 / 85 / 150% + CO₂ − bundfradrag`	Motorstyrelsen — registreringsafgift, satser (motorst.dk)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	toldst.dk

Estonia

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 24%	`24% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
registreerimistasu (registration tax)	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	Transpordiamet — registreerimistasu kalkulaator (transpordiamet.ee)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	emta.ee

Finland

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 25.5%	`25.5% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
autovero (registration tax)	`10.4% × yleinen vähittäismyyntiarvo`	Autoverolaki 777/2020, verotaulukko 1 A (finlex.fi)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	tulli.fi

France

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 20%	`20% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
malus CO₂ (registration tax)	`barème de l’année − décote`	CIBS art. L.421-62, barèmes CO₂ WLTP par année (legifrance.gouv.fr)
Weight malus (masse en ordre de marche)	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	CIBS art. L.421-75 — taxe sur la masse en ordre de marche (legifrance)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	douane.gouv.fr

Germany

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 19%	`19% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`—`	Your Europe — Car taxes in another EU country (europa.eu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	zoll.de

Greece

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 24%	`24% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
τέλος ταξινόμησης (registration tax)	`συντελεστής × φορολογητέα αξία`	Ν. 4389/2016 άρθρο 59, τροποποίηση άρθρου 121 Ν. 2960/2001 (ΦΕΚ Α΄94/27.5.2016)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	aade.gr

Hungary

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 27%	`27% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
regisztrációs adó (registration tax)	`2 × 47000 Ft − 33%`	2003. évi CX. törvény a regisztrációs adóról, melléklet (net.jogtar.hu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	nav.gov.hu

Ireland

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 23%	`23% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
VRT (registration tax)	`16.75% × OMSP`	Revenue — calculating Vehicle Registration Tax (revenue.ie)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	revenue.ie

Italy

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 22%	`22% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
IPT (registration tax)	`150,81 € ≤ 53 kW, altrimenti 3,5119 €/kW`	ACI — normativa IPT, D.M. 27 novembre 1998 n. 435 (aci.gov.it)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	adm.gov.it

Latvia

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 21%	`21% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`—`	Your Europe — Car taxes in another EU country (europa.eu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	vid.gov.lv

Lithuania

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 21%	`21% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`CO₂ 125 g/km`	Regitra — registration tax fee (regitra.lt)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	lrmuitine.lt

Luxembourg

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 17%	`17% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`—`	Your Europe — Car taxes in another EU country (europa.eu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	douanes.public.lu

Malta

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 18%	`18% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
registration tax (registration tax)	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	Motor Vehicles Registration and Licensing Act, Cap. 368, Second Schedule (legislation.mt)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	customs.gov.mt

Netherlands

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 21%	`21% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
BPM (registration tax)	`BPM(CO₂) − depreciation for age`	Belastingdienst — bpm berekenen voor een personenauto (belastingdienst.nl)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	douane.nl

Norway

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 0%	`—`	Tolletaten — bilimport: fortolling uten toll (toll.no)
VAT 25%	`—`	Skatteetaten — merverdiavgiftssatser (skatteetaten.no)
Registration tax (engangsavgift)	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	Stortingsvedtak om engangsavgift for 2026, FOR-2025-12-18-2755 (lovdata.no)
Scrap deposit (vrakpantavgift)	`—`	Skatteetaten — vrakpantavgift
Refrigerant charge (klimagassavgift)	`—`	Skatteetaten — andre avgifter ved import (klimagassavgift)

Poland

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
Excise 3.1%	`3.1% × (CIF + duty)`	Ustawa o podatku akcyzowym, art. 104–105, 109a, 163a (isap.sejm.gov.pl)
VAT 23%	`23% × (CIF + duty + excise)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
NoVA (registration tax) 7%	`(CO₂ − 91) / 5 × price − 350 + malus`	BMF — NoVA-Steuersatz, Rechtslage ab 1. Juli 2025 (bmf.gv.at)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	puesc.gov.pl

Portugal

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 23%	`23% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
ISV (registration tax)	`cilindrada + ambiental − tabela D`	Código do ISV, Lei 22-A/2007, arts. 7.º, 8.º e 11.º — texto consolidado (diariodarepublica.pt)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	portaldasfinancas.gov.pt

Romania

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 21%	`21% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`—`	Your Europe — Car taxes in another EU country (europa.eu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	customs.ro

Slovakia

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 23%	`23% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
poplatok za zápis (registration tax)	`kW × ekologický koeficient`	Zákon 145/1995 Z. z. o správnych poplatkoch, položka 65 (slov-lex.sk)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	financnasprava.sk

Slovenia

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 22%	`22% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
DMV (registration tax)	`CO₂ + kW + EURO − starost`	ZDMV-1, Uradni list RS 200/2020 (uradni-list.si)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	fu.gov.si

Spain

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	AEAT — Deuda aduanera al importar un vehículo (arancel 10%)
IVA 21%	`21% × (CIF + duty)`	AEAT — Deuda aduanera al importar un vehículo (IVA 21%)
Registration tax (IEDMT) 4.75%	`rate(CO₂) × base`	Ley 38/1992, arts. 65–70 — IEDMT (boe.es)
COC	`—`	DGT — Matricular un vehículo proveniente de la UE
Ficha reducida + ITV	`—`	DGT — Matricular un vehículo proveniente de la UE
DGT fee 1.1	`—`	Sede DGT — Matriculación ordinaria (tasa 1.1)

Sweden

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CIF`	TARIC — heading 8703 (10%)
VAT 25%	`25% × (CIF + duty)`	Taxes in Europe Database (European Commission)
Registration tax	`—`	Your Europe — Car taxes in another EU country (europa.eu)
Registration fees	`Asked of the authority when you calculate`	tullverket.se

Switzerland

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 0%	`—`	BAZG — Aufhebung der Industriezölle per 1. Januar 2024 (bazg.admin.ch)
Automobile tax 4%	`4% × (ціна + доставка)`	Automobilsteuergesetz Art. 13 und 24 — 4% auf das Entgelt (fedlex.admin.ch)
VAT 8.1%	`8,1% × (ціна + доставка + податок на авто)`	MWSTG Art. 54 und 55 — 8,1% auf Entgelt plus Automobilsteuer (fedlex.admin.ch)
CO₂ sanction	`—`	CO2-Verordnung Art. 17d — Ausnahmen für eingeführte Fahrzeuge (fedlex.admin.ch)
Customs clearance certificate (form 13.20 A)	`—`	BAZG — Fahrzeug in die Schweiz importieren: Zollanmeldung und Steuern
Cantonal registration	`—`	VZV Art. 71 und 76 — Voraussetzungen der Zulassung (fedlex.admin.ch)
Technical check (MFK)	`—`	VZV Art. 71 und 76 — Voraussetzungen der Zulassung (fedlex.admin.ch)

Ukraine

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × CV`	Customs Tariff of Ukraine, heading 8703 (zakon.rada.gov.ua)
Excise	`50 € × 1.498 L × 1`	Tax Code of Ukraine, art. 215.3.5-1 (zakon.rada.gov.ua)
VAT 20%	`20% × (CV + duty + excise)`	Tax Code of Ukraine, art. 193 (zakon.rada.gov.ua)
Pension fund levy 5%	`—`	Law No. 400/97-VR, art. 4 (zakon.rada.gov.ua)
Certificate of conformity	`—`	State Customs Service of Ukraine (customs.gov.ua)

United Kingdom

Line	Formula	Source
Customs duty 10%	`10% × (ціна + доставка до кордону)`	UK Integrated Online Tariff — heading 8703 (trade-tariff.service.gov.uk)
VAT 20%	`20% × (ціна + доставка + мито)`	GOV.UK — Importing vehicles into the UK: paying VAT and duty
First-year vehicle tax (VED)	`—`	Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994, s.62(1C) — no first vehicle licence for a used import (legislation.gov.uk)
DVLA first registration fee	`—`	GOV.UK — Vehicle registration: the £55 first registration fee
GB conversion IVA	`—`	GOV.UK — Importing vehicles into the UK: getting vehicle approval
COC	`—`	GOV.UK — Importing vehicles into the UK: getting vehicle approval

Vehicle data · Exchange rates

Vehicle data	`—`	NHTSA vPIC · EPA fueleconomy.gov
Exchange rates	`—`	ECB · NBP · Norges Bank · NBU